Physicists discover a new optical property that measures the twist in tiny helices

A new nonlinear optical property of tiny particles has been discovered by an international team of scientists led by physicists at the University of Bath, with important implications for researchers working in fields as diverse as display technology, chemical catalysis and medicine.

The new property is seen when light passing through tiny particles—similar in size to the wavelength of light—is scattered at a color that differs from that of illumination. The scattered light is at the "second-harmonic frequency," meaning it's at twice the frequency of the illuminating light.

The study, published in ACS Nano, set out to explore the Tyndall effect—the phenomenon of light scattering from particles that are larger than nanoparticles but smaller than microparticles. Particles of this size include viruses and single cell organisms, such as bacteria.

When illuminated with white light, such particles appear blue (blue eyes also owe their color to the Tyndall effect).

Second-harmonic Tyndall scattering

Inorganic particles dispersed in liquids are useful in many applications, including the adding of color to paints and plastics, UV protection creams (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide scatter ultraviolet light but let visible light through), catalysis (to speed up or enable chemical reactions), and medical therapeutics (examples include encapsulating drugs and delivering them to their target; selectively cutting DNA, and killing viruses).

For all these applications, it's essential for researchers to characterize the particles' size and shape, accurately and in real-time.

Light is the best method to perform such analysis on particles in water, which is often the medium they are held in. When particles are illuminated, their scattered light holds information about both their size and geometry.

Several methods for analyzing particle size depend on the Tyndall effect. Most methods rely on weak light sources (typically lamps) and the collected scattered light is of the same color as the illumination. Other, more sophisticated methods rely on a laser light source. The new study takes scientists' understanding of light scattered by laser to the next level.

Explaining, Professor Ventsislav Valev, who led both the Bath team and the study, said, "When a laser—with long light wave—is used in Tyndall's experiment, light can be created at a different color—with short wave—and then scattered. The new color corresponds to twice the light vibration of illumination.

"This discovery was made in 1965 in the laboratories of Ford Motor Company and applies to particles of all sizes. But if a particle's size matches the Tyndall effect range, then the illuminating and the newly created light can be better separated in space. Basically, the Tyndall effect sorts light waves by size.

"But one geometrical property has remained unobservable until now with this new study: chirality!"